Gastrointestinal USMLE S2CK QA 1.1

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The human gastrointestinal tract, or GI tract, or GIT is an organ system responsible for consuming and digesting foodstuffs, absorbing nutrients, and expelling waste.

The tract consists of the stomach and intestines, and is divided into the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts. However, by the broadest definition, the GI tract includes all structures between the mouth and the anus. On the other hand, the digestive system is a broader term that includes other structures, including the digestive organs and their accessories. The tract may also be divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, reflecting the embryological origin of each segment.

The whole digestive tract is about nine metres (30 feet) long.

Disease

There are a number of diseases and conditions affecting the gastrointestinal system, including:

Infection. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the intestines. It occurs more frequently than any other disease of the intestines.
Cancer may occur at any point in the gastrointestinal tract, and includes mouth cancer, tongue cancer, oesophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and colorectal cancer.
Inflammatory conditions. Ileitis is an inflammation of the ileum, Colitis is an inflammation of the large intestine.
Appendicitis is inflammation of the vermiform appendix located at the caecum. This is a potentially fatal condition if left untreated; most cases of appendicitis require surgical intervention.

Diverticular disease is a condition that is very common in older people in industrialized countries. It usually affects the large intestine but has been known to affect the small intestine as well. Diverticulosis occurs when pouches form on the intestinal wall. Once the pouches become inflamed it is known as diverticulitis.

Inflammatory bowel disease is an inflammatory condition affecting the bowel walls, and includes the subtypes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. While Crohn's can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract, ulcerative colitis is limited to the large intestine.

Several symptoms are used to indicate problems with the gastrointestinal tract:

Vomiting,
Diarrhoea,
Constipation,
Blood in stool,


Various methods of imaging the gastrointestinal tract are used:

Radioopaque dyes may be swallowed to produce a Barium swallow

An abdominal x-ray may be used to examine the lower gastrointestinal tract.

Other

Celiac Disease
Cholera
Diarrhoea
Enteric duplication cyst
Giardiasis
Irritable bowel syndrome
Pancreatitis
Peptic ulcer disease
Yellow Fever
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative spiral bacterium.